|
Relative scientific
productivity: Share of total
publications in PubMed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
|
Argentina |
0.007162 |
0.007220 |
0.011104 |
0.008474 |
0.070367 |
0.110347 |
0.112025 |
0.138167 |
0.122488 |
0.112475 |
0.112358 |
|
Bolivia |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000217 |
0.001044 |
0.000769 |
0.001128 |
0.001269 |
0.001374 |
0.001448 |
0.000900 |
|
Brazil |
0.000924 |
0.000226 |
0.002039 |
0.003477 |
0.040508 |
0.090931 |
0.104131 |
0.119491 |
0.134169 |
0.153990 |
0.140110 |
|
Canada |
0.009242 |
0.010153 |
0.023113 |
0.046282 |
0.746264 |
1.609840 |
1.641658 |
1.771869 |
1.717403 |
1.697269 |
1.606610 |
|
Chile |
0.000000 |
0.000226 |
0.000453 |
0.004346 |
0.020672 |
0.046138 |
0.045675 |
0.089573 |
0.092252 |
0.086247 |
0.081306 |
|
China |
0.000231 |
0.001128 |
0.004305 |
0.005432 |
0.063476 |
0.133416 |
0.153377 |
0.256932 |
0.249613 |
0.283039 |
0.259668 |
|
Colombia |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000435 |
0.002088 |
0.007882 |
0.007894 |
0.011423 |
0.007902 |
0.009976 |
0.005550 |
|
Costa Rica |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000906 |
0.002390 |
0.004594 |
0.006152 |
0.005451 |
0.007434 |
0.007043 |
0.005149 |
0.006600 |
|
Cuba |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000652 |
0.004802 |
0.007305 |
0.009022 |
0.016138 |
0.014431 |
0.013677 |
0.012151 |
|
Ecuador |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000217 |
0.000835 |
0.001153 |
0.002256 |
0.003264 |
0.003436 |
0.002735 |
0.001500 |
|
Egypt |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000227 |
0.001086 |
0.028397 |
0.036526 |
0.037780 |
0.067089 |
0.068889 |
0.061950 |
0.057304 |
|
El Salvador |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000209 |
0.000192 |
0.000000 |
0.000363 |
0.000172 |
0.000483 |
0.000000 |
|
Germany |
0.008780 |
0.007446 |
0.011557 |
0.021077 |
0.404035 |
0.807996 |
0.845640 |
0.933078 |
1.257688 |
1.504822 |
1.631812 |
|
Guatemala |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000227 |
0.000217 |
0.004385 |
0.003653 |
0.005075 |
0.003626 |
0.004123 |
0.004505 |
0.003750 |
|
Hunduras |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
|
India |
0.002079 |
0.000000 |
0.004079 |
0.007605 |
0.138854 |
0.287595 |
0.331001 |
0.428099 |
0.432572 |
0.428018 |
0.380726 |
|
Japan |
0.006931 |
0.006995 |
0.017448 |
0.055407 |
1.310242 |
2.763680 |
2.995735 |
3.569486 |
3.584951 |
3.707989 |
3.556744 |
|
Mexico |
0.001617 |
0.000903 |
0.001360 |
0.003042 |
0.069532 |
0.135147 |
0.156196 |
0.221212 |
0.215083 |
0.199527 |
0.199514 |
|
Nicaragua |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000209 |
0.000384 |
0.000376 |
0.000725 |
0.000687 |
0.000965 |
0.000750 |
|
Nigeria |
0.000000 |
0.000226 |
0.000906 |
0.007388 |
0.036958 |
0.064401 |
0.073493 |
0.098820 |
0.087098 |
0.072248 |
0.062254 |
|
Panama |
0.000000 |
0.000226 |
0.000680 |
0.000217 |
0.004176 |
0.006344 |
0.007331 |
0.006528 |
0.006872 |
0.006275 |
0.006300 |
|
Paraguay |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000217 |
0.000418 |
0.001346 |
0.000564 |
0.001451 |
0.000859 |
0.000805 |
0.000750 |
|
Peru |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000227 |
0.000435 |
0.003132 |
0.003460 |
0.006955 |
0.008522 |
0.010823 |
0.009011 |
0.006300 |
|
Portugal |
0.000231 |
0.000000 |
0.000227 |
0.001086 |
0.011693 |
0.027683 |
0.028758 |
0.037352 |
0.039512 |
0.037170 |
0.036603 |
|
Korea |
0.007855 |
0.007671 |
0.009971 |
0.011299 |
0.021089 |
0.031720 |
0.034585 |
0.063281 |
0.078509 |
0.086891 |
0.096907 |
|
Russia |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000376 |
0.000544 |
0.002920 |
0.059858 |
0.065554 |
|
South
Africa |
0.000693 |
0.000677 |
0.002266 |
0.003477 |
0.069740 |
0.137838 |
0.128754 |
0.135447 |
0.141213 |
0.129049 |
0.119708 |
|
Spain |
0.003235 |
0.001128 |
0.004759 |
0.017383 |
0.204210 |
0.424472 |
0.460694 |
0.516765 |
0.557980 |
0.611776 |
0.618492 |
|
UK |
0.010166 |
0.006543 |
0.027192 |
0.047368 |
0.548736 |
0.929301 |
1.096381 |
1.324188 |
1.437897 |
1.577231 |
1.729918 |
|
Uruguay |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000227 |
0.000217 |
0.002297 |
0.005767 |
0.004323 |
0.008522 |
0.005326 |
0.007724 |
0.006750 |
|
Venezuela |
0.000231 |
0.000000 |
0.000227 |
0.000435 |
0.013990 |
0.023838 |
0.021240 |
0.028649 |
0.028689 |
0.027515 |
0.028202 |
|
USA |
97.940622 |
97.949233 |
97.876502 |
97.750123 |
94.173048 |
90.294723 |
89.682127 |
88.130696 |
87.688026 |
87.100180 |
87.164908 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All
PubMed publications |
432822 |
443205 |
441301 |
460227 |
478919 |
520176 |
532023 |
551508 |
582100 |
621469 |
666621 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All-USA |
0.059378 |
0.050767 |
0.123498 |
0.249877 |
3.826952 |
7.705277 |
8.317873 |
9.869304 |
10.311974 |
10.899820 |
10.835092 |
|
International ranking for
scientific productivity as measured using PubMed |
||||||
|
Only countries with over 100
publications in 1993 or 2003 |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rank |
1993 |
Share 1993 |
2003 |
Share 2003 |
2004 |
Share 2004 ** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
USA |
53.0 * |
USA |
40.0 * |
USA |
39.0 * |
|
2 |
UK |
9.0 * |
UK |
7.0 * |
UK |
6.6 * |
|
3 |
Japan |
5.749 |
Japan |
6.354 |
Japan |
6.105 |
|
4 |
France |
2.744 |
Germany |
4.407 |
Germany |
4.533 |
|
5 |
Germany |
2.636 |
France |
3.067 |
China |
3.278 |
|
6 |
Canada |
2.592 |
Italy |
3.029 |
France |
3.082 |
|
7 |
Italy |
2.226 |
China |
3.002 |
Italy |
3.024 |
|
8 |
Netherlands |
1.670 |
Canada |
2.811 |
Canada |
2.811 |
|
9 |
Sweden |
1.351 |
Australia |
1.825 |
Australia |
1.919 |
|
10 |
Australia |
1.311 |
Spain |
1.769 |
Spain |
1.886 |
|
11 |
Spain |
1.000 |
Netherlands |
1.680 |
Netherlands |
1.777 |
|
12 |
Israel |
0.852 |
Sweden |
1.304 |
Sweden |
1.258 |
|
13 |
Switzerland |
0.773 |
India |
1.168 |
Korea |
1.239 |
|
14 |
Belgium |
0.692 |
Korea |
1.113 |
Turkey |
1.182 |
|
15 |
Denmark |
0.639 |
Turkey |
1.057 |
India |
1.166 |
|
16 |
Finland |
0.632 |
Israel |
1.029 |
Israel |
1.026 |
|
17 |
India |
0.615 |
Switzerland |
0.973 |
Switzerland |
1.010 |
|
18 |
China |
0.420 |
Taiwan |
0.870 |
Brazil |
0.995 |
|
19 |
Taiwan |
0.414 |
Brazil |
0.868 |
Taiwan |
0.972 |
|
20 |
Norway |
0.340 |
Belgium |
0.806 |
Belgium |
0.828 |
|
21 |
Austria |
0.335 |
Denmark |
0.693 |
Denmark |
0.695 |
|
22 |
Mexico |
0.322 |
Poland |
0.642 |
Finland |
0.607 |
|
23 |
Poland |
0.258 |
Finland |
0.603 |
Austria |
0.582 |
|
24 |
Brazil |
0.227 |
Austria |
0.597 |
Poland |
0.571 |
|
25 |
New Zealand |
0.224 |
Russia |
0.563 |
Greece |
0.499 |
|
26 |
Ireland |
0.211 |
Mexico |
0.483 |
Mexico |
0.474 |
|
27 |
South Africa |
0.192 |
Greece |
0.458 |
Norway |
0.384 |
|
28 |
Turkey |
0.190 |
Norway |
0.381 |
Russia |
0.369 |
|
29 |
Argentina |
0.182 |
New Zealand |
0.314 |
New Zealand |
0.338 |
|
30 |
Greece |
0.170 |
Argentina |
0.305 |
Ireland |
0.329 |
|
31 |
Korea |
0.157 |
Ireland |
0.299 |
Singapore |
0.305 |
|
32 |
Hungary |
0.145 |
Czech |
0.256 |
Argentina |
0.289 |
|
33 |
Singapore |
0.143 |
Singapore |
0.256 |
Hungary |
0.253 |
|
34 |
Chile |
0.131 |
Hungary |
0.256 |
Czech |
0.246 |
|
35 |
Thailand |
0.113 |
South Africa |
0.208 |
Portugal |
0.226 |
|
36 |
Czech |
0.109 |
Portugal |
0.205 |
South Africa |
0.205 |
|
37 |
Russia |
0.106 |
Thailand |
0.204 |
Thailand |
0.185 |
|
38 |
Saudi Arabia |
0.105 |
Egypt |
0.138 |
Iran |
0.150 |
|
39 |
Nigeria |
0.101 |
Iran |
0.136 |
Chile |
0.129 |
|
40 |
Egypt |
0.093 |
Chile |
0.133 |
Egypt |
0.125 |
|
41 |
Portugal |
0.059 |
Saudi Arabia |
0.120 |
Saudi Arabia |
0.119 |
|
42 |
Kenya |
0.057 |
Nigeria |
0.101 |
Nigeria |
0.097 |
|
43 |
Malaysia |
0.054 |
Slovenia |
0.086 |
Lebanon |
0.080 |
|
44 |
Venezuela |
0.047 |
Lebanon |
0.079 |
Slovenia |
0.079 |
|
45 |
Romania |
0.046 |
Ukraine |
0.078 |
Malaysia |
0.076 |
|
46 |
Lebanon |
0.045 |
Bulgaria |
0.063 |
Bulgaria |
0.056 |
|
47 |
Slovakia |
0.039 |
Malaysia |
0.060 |
Pakistan |
0.054 |
|
48 |
Bulgaria |
0.030 |
Pakistan |
0.055 |
Jordan |
0.047 |
|
49 |
Jamaica |
0.027 |
Venezuela |
0.055 |
Cuba |
0.047 |
|
50 |
Zimbabwe |
0.026 |
Colombia |
0.047 |
Ukraine |
0.045 |
|
51 |
Pakistan |
0.025 |
Cuba |
0.045 |
Colombia |
0.045 |
|
52 |
Slovenia |
0.024 |
Jordan |
0.043 |
Venezuela |
0.044 |
|
53 |
Bangladesh |
0.020 |
Romania |
0.042 |
Romania |
0.043 |
|
54 |
Cuba |
0.020 |
Slovakia |
0.039 |
Slovakia |
0.036 |
|
55 |
Iran |
0.015 |
Kenya |
0.037 |
Kenya |
0.035 |
|
56 |
Ukraine |
0.015 |
Tunisia |
0.028 |
Tunisia |
0.028 |
|
57 |
Sri Lanka |
0.015 |
Uruguay |
0.026 |
Uruguay |
0.027 |
|
58 |
Jordan |
0.011 |
Bangladesh |
0.022 |
Jamaica |
0.024 |
|
59 |
Uruguay |
0.011 |
Morocco |
0.021 |
Bangladesh |
0.021 |
|
60 |
Peru |
0.010 |
Belarus |
0.020 |
Morocco |
0.020 |
|
61 |
Colombia |
0.009 |
Jamaica |
0.020 |
Sri Lanka |
0.017 |
|
62 |
Tunisia |
0.006 |
Sri Lanka |
0.018 |
Belarus |
0.017 |
|
63 |
Morocco |
0.005 |
Peru |
0.018 |
Peru |
0.016 |
|
64 |
Belarus |
0.002 |
Zimbabwe |
0.012 |
Zimbabwe |
0.006 |
* Estimate, as a significant number of
researchers do not write their country name in
their address
in a consistent way making the reference unreachable by automatic means
** Data still not consolidated at the
moment of calculus (6/Jan/05)
|
Changes in scientific productivity
in the last decade |
||||
|
Only countries with over 100 publications in 1993 or 2003 |
||||
|
Country |
PubMed 1993 |
PubMed 2003 |
Ratio 2003/1993 |
|
|
Belarus |
8 |
116 |
14.50 |
|
|
Iran |
63 |
775 |
12.30 |
|
|
China |
1730 |
17048 |
9.85 |
|
|
Korea |
647 |
6322 |
9.77 |
|
|
Turkey |
782 |
5999 |
7.67 |
|
|
Russia |
437 |
3194 |
7.31 |
|
|
Colombia |
37 |
268 |
7.24 |
|
|
Ukraine |
63 |
445 |
7.06 |
|
|
Tunisia |
23 |
159 |
6.91 |
|
|
Morocco |
20 |
118 |
5.90 |
|
|
Jordan |
46 |
246 |
5.35 |
|
|
Brazil |
937 |
4927 |
5.26 |
|
|
Slovenia |
98 |
491 |
5.01 |
|
|
Portugal |
245 |
1163 |
4.75 |
|
|
Greece |
701 |
2602 |
3.71 |
|
|
Poland |
1063 |
3647 |
3.43 |
|
|
Uruguay |
45 |
149 |
3.31 |
|
|
Czech |
448 |
1455 |
3.25 |
|
|
Cuba |
81 |
254 |
3.14 |
|
|
Pakistan |
103 |
314 |
3.05 |
|
|
Bulgaria |
124 |
355 |
2.86 |
|
|
India |
2535 |
6632 |
2.62 |
|
|
Thailand |
466 |
1159 |
2.49 |
|
|
Singapore |
589 |
1454 |
2.47 |
|
|
Austria |
1382 |
3389 |
2.45 |
|
|
Hungary |
596 |
1454 |
2.44 |
|
|
Spain |
4122 |
10045 |
2.44 |
|
|
Lebanon |
185 |
447 |
2.42 |
|
|
Peru |
43 |
100 |
2.33 |
|
|
Argentina |
749 |
1731 |
2.31 |
|
|
Germany |
10863 |
25023 |
2.30 |
|
|
Mexico |
1328 |
2740 |
2.06 |
|
|
Egypt |
382 |
782 |
2.05 |
|
|
Ireland |
868 |
1699 |
1.96 |
|
|
New Zealand |
923 |
1785 |
1.93 |
|
|
Australia |
5402 |
10361 |
1.92 |
|
|
Italy |
9170 |
17201 |
1.88 |
|
|
Switzerland |
3187 |
5524 |
1.73 |
|
|
Israel |
3512 |
5842 |
1.66 |
|
|
Sri Lanka |
63 |
104 |
1.65 |
|
|
Venezuela |
192 |
313 |
1.63 |
|
|
Belgium |
2850 |
4578 |
1.61 |
|
|
Saudi Arabia |
434 |
682 |
1.57 |
|
|
Norway |
1399 |
2162 |
1.55 |
|
|
Malaysia |
221 |
341 |
1.54 |
|
|
France |
11305 |
17415 |
1.54 |
|
|
Japan |
23686 |
36080 |
1.52 |
|
|
Bangladesh |
83 |
126 |
1.52 |
|
|
Denmark |
2631 |
3934 |
1.50 |
|
|
Canada |
10679 |
15961 |
1.49 |
|
|
South Africa |
793 |
1180 |
1.49 |
|
|
Chile |
540 |
754 |
1.40 |
|
|
Netherlands |
6881 |
9540 |
1.39 |
|
|
Nigeria |
415 |
573 |
1.38 |
|
|
All PubMed publications |
412033 |
567813 |
1.38 |
|
|
Slovakia |
162 |
219 |
1.35 |
|
|
Sweden |
5566 |
7407 |
1.33 |
|
|
Finland |
2604 |
3425 |
1.32 |
|
|
Romania |
188 |
239 |
1.27 |
|
|
Jamaica |
112 |
115 |
1.03 |
|
|
Kenya |
236 |
208 |
0.88 |
|
|
Zimbabwe |
108 |
68 |
0.63 |
|
|
Countries
where a significant number of researchers do not write their country name in
their address in a consistent way |
||||
|
USA |
1435 |
160032 |
111.5 |
|
|
UK |
11489 |
30737 |
2.68 |
|
Data was calculated using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) by searching the country name in the address
field [ad]
Produced by Klaus Jaffe and
Astrid Florez at the American Center for Strategic
Studies (http://www.cee.usb.ve/)